QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit

For purification of up to 20 µg molecular biology grade plasmid DNA

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QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (50)

Cat. No. / ID:   27104

For 50 high-purity plasmid minipreps: 50 QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns, Reagents, Buffers, Collection Tubes (2 ml)
KitColumn
QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit
QIAprep 2.0 Spin Miniprep Columns
Eco-friendlier kit
Preparations
50
250
1000
The QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit is intended for molecular biology applications. This product is not intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a disease.
Is sustainability important to you?
For an eco-friendlier alternative to the selected product, look no further.

Features

  • Ready-to-use plasmid DNA in minutes
  • Reproducible yields of molecular biology grade plasmid DNA
  • Single protocol for high- and low-copy vectors
  • Even higher yields with the High-Yield Supplementary Protocol
  • Improved QIAprep 2.0 Spin Column
  • GelPilot loading dye for convenient sample analysis

Product Details

The QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit is designed for isolating high-purity plasmid or cosmid DNA, offering up to 20 µg yields for various molecular biology applications like sequencing and cloning. Higher yields (up to 30 µg) can be achieved using the High-Yield Supplementary Protocol. The kit is automatable on the QIAcube Connect.

Want to try the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit for the first time? Request a quote for a trial kit.

For optimal results, we recommend pairing this kit with the QIAvac 24 Plus system.

For a more sustainable alternative, we have the QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit. This kit reduces plastic and cardboard usage by up to 22% and 14%, respectively. It features waste tubes made from 100% recycled plastic, which can be reused throughout the procedure. The QIAwave buffers, in concentrated form, cut down plastic consumption by up to 93% per bottle. Despite the visual difference, the QIAwave Kit maintains user-friendliness with chemistry and performance identical to the standard kit.

Please be aware that you will need sterile glass bottles to store the reconstituted buffers.

In partnership with My Green Lab, we've also assessed the environmental impact of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (50/250) and QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit (50/250). My Green Lab ACT labels are designed to evaluate and score products on several sustainability criteria. These include: 

• Manufacturing 
• Responsible chemical management 
• Sustainable content within products and packaging materials 
• Disposal of the packaging at the end of life 

 
Products are scored from 1 to 10 except for energy and water consumption, which are scored as 1 point per kWh or gallon, respectively. A low score means a lower environmental impact – (see figures "„QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit ACT environmental impact factor label  US (50/250),  EU (50/250) and  UK (50/250)"“ and “QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit ACT environment impact factor label  US (50/250),  EU (50/250) and  UK (50/250).“ 

See figures

Performance

The QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit or QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit enables purification of up to 20 µg molecular biology grade plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA for use in routine molecular biology applications such as PCR, sequencing and cloning. Versatile QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns can be used either in microcentrifuges, on vacuum manifolds, or in the QIAcube  (see figures "QIAprep 2.0 Spin Column handling options  A B, and  C"). The vacuum procedure provides simplified handling and faster sample processing. QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns can be vacuum processed using the QIAvac 24 Plus or any other commercial manifold with luer connectors. The QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit can now also be fully automated on the QIAcube Connect (see figure " QIAcube Connect").

The QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit and QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit deliver identical performance due to similar chemistry. Comparative data show that both kits have superior performance over competitor kits (see figure " QIAwave Kit performance").

 

 QIAprep Spin and QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit
Format Spin columns
Purification module QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns
Throughput 1–24 samples
Preparation time 24 minipreps in 30 minutes
Equipment required Microcentrifuge or vacuum manifold; fully automatable using the QIAcube Connect
Lysate clearing Centrifugation
Capacity of column reservoir 800 µl
Minimum elution buffer volume 50 µl
Culture volume for high-copy plasmids 1–5 ml
Culture volume for low-copy plasmids/cosmids 1–10 ml

Purified DNA can be used in restriction digestion (see figure " Complete digestion with various restriction enzymes"). 

See figures

Principle

QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns contain a unique silica membrane that binds up to 20 µg DNA in the presence of a high concentration of chaotropic salt, and allows elution in a small volume of low-salt buffer. QIAprep membrane technology eliminates time consuming phenol-chloroform extraction and alcohol precipitation, as well as the problems and inconvenience associated with loose resins and slurries. High-purity plasmid DNA eluted from QIAprep 2.0 Spin Columns is immediately ready to use – there is no need to precipitate, concentrate, or desalt.
To enable faster and more convenient sample processing and analysis, gel loading dye is provided in the kit. GelPilot Loading Dye contains 3 tracking dyes (xylene cyanol, bromophenol blue, and orange G) to facilitate the optimization of agarose gel run time and prevent smaller DNA fragments migrating too far (see figure " GelPilot Loading Dye").

See figures

Procedure

Plasmid purification using QIAprep Kits and the QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit follows a simple bind-wash-elute procedure (see flowchart " The QIAprep procedure"). First, bacterial cultures are lysed and the lysates are cleared by centrifugation. The cleared lysates are then applied to the QIAprep 2.0 module where plasmid DNA adsorbs to the silica membrane. Impurities are washed away and pure DNA is eluted in a small volume of elution buffer or water.
In addition to plasmid purification from Escherichia coli, QIAprep Kits can be used to purify plasmid DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Contact QIAGEN Technical Services or your local distributor for protocols for these applications.

To enhance your experience, standard protocols can be executed using the TRACKMAN Connected system, combined with PIPETMAN M Connected pipettes, both from Gilson. This system not only guides researchers through protocols but also automatically adjusts Bluetooth-enabled pipette settings. Download more information.

See figures

Applications

The QIAprep Spin and the QIAwave Plasmid Miniprep Kit provides reproducible yields of high-purity DNA suitable for use in most applications, including:

  • PCR
  • Restriction digestion
  • Ligation and transformation
  • Sequencing
  • Screening

Supporting data and figures

Specifications

FeaturesSpecifications
ApplicationsFluorescent and radioactive sequencing (including capillary sequencing), ligation, cloning, transformation, etc.
ProcessingManual (vacuum or centrifugation) or automated (QIAcube Connect)
Plasmid typeHigh-copy, low-copy, cosmid DNA
Culture volume/starting material1–10 mL culture volume
Elution volume50 µl (minimal)
TechnologySilica technology
Time per run or prep per run<30 minutes
Yield<20 µg
Samples per run (throughput)1–24 samples per run
Number of preps per run1–24 samples per run

Resources

Application/Protocol Documents (2)
For purification of up to 30 μg plasmid DNA
Step up your sustainability by recycling your labware. This handy guide will show you how to quickly and easily recycle kit components and reduce plastic waste in your lab.
Safety Data Sheets (1)
Supplementary Protocols (1)
Certificates of Analysis (1)

FAQ

What is the composition of Buffer N3?
The composition of buffer N3 is confidential. It is a proprietary component of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit. However, buffer N3 can be purchased separately. The catalogue number is 19064. The item is listed in the QIAGEN Product List online.
FAQ ID -767
How do I prepare Buffer MP?

Here is the protocol for preparing buffer MP:

 

  1. Dissolve 3.3 g citric acid monohydrate in 3 ml high-purity water at room temperature (21°C) in a 10 ml tube.
  2. Stir the solution at 200 rpm for 5 min.
  3. Filter the solution through a 0.2 μm sterile filter using a syringe to give a final volume of 6 ml Buffer MP.
FAQ ID - 3620
What is the advantage of running an analytical gel with fractions of my plasmid preparation?

Running fractions saved from each step in the plasmid preparation procedure on an agarose gel enables monitoring the performance of each crucial step in the protocol. If the plasmid DNA is of low yield or quality, the samples can be analyzed to determine at what stage of the purification procedure the difficulty occurred.

Aliquots can be taken from the cleared lysate and the flow-throughs as indicated in the relevant protocols, precipitated with isopropanol and resuspended in a small volume of TE buffer.

Please see the Troubleshooting Section of the QIAprep Miniprep Handbook and Appendix A of the QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Handbook for instructions, and a picture and legend explaining the typical results you may see. You can also access this information on our Plasmid Resource Pages.

FAQ ID -769
Which QIAGEN plasmid preparation kits will contain LyseBlue Reagent?

LyseBlue reagent is provided in the following QIAGEN plasmid kits:

FAQ ID -865
What is the recipe for LB?
Preparation of LB medium: Dissolve 10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, and 10 g NaCl in 800 ml dH2O. Adjust the pH to 7.0 with 1 N NaOH. Adjust the volume to 1 liter with dH2O. Sterilize by autoclaving.
FAQ ID -212
How do I know if my plasmid is a high- or low copy number type?

Find out which origin of replication your plasmid contains, and look at the table below for classification into high-copy or low-copy types. This table can also be found online at the QIAGEN Plasmid Resource Center in the section 'Growth of bacterial cultures; Plasmid Copy Number' . A way to determine experimentally if the copy number of your plasmid is high or low is to perform a miniprep. A high-copy plasmid should yield between 3-5 ug DNA per 1 ml LB culture, while a low-copy plasmid will yield between 0.2-1 ug DNA per ml of LB culture.

 

Origins of replication and copy numbers of various plasmids and cosmids

DNA construct Origin of Replication Copy number Classification
Plasmids      
pUC vectors pMB1* 500–700 high copy
pBluescript® vectors ColE1 300–500 high copy
pGEM® vectors pMB1* 300–400 high copy
pTZ vectors pMB1* >1000 high copy
pBR322 and derivatives pMB1* 15–20 low copy
pACYC and derivatives p15A 10–12 low copy
pSC101 and derivatives pSC101 ~5 very low copy
Cosmids      
SuperCos pMB1* 10-20 low copy
pWE15 ColE1 10-20 low copy

* The pMB1 origin of replication is closely related to that of ColE1 and falls in the same incompatibility group. The high-copy plasmids listed here contain mutated versions of this origin.

FAQ ID -350
Are QIAprep and QIAquick Spin columns interchangeable?
No. While columns from the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit and the QIAquick PCR Purification- and Gel Extraction Kits are based on silica-gel-membrane technology, each is designed to work optimally within its own kit format. In addition, the binding capacity and DNA recovery size cut-offs of the QIAprep and QIAquick Spin columns are different. QIAprep Spin columns bind up to 20 ug of plasmid DNA up to 50 kb in length, while the QIAquick Spin columns bind up to 10 ug of DNA with a maximum fragment size of 10 kb.
FAQ ID -311
Can I eliminate RNase A from buffer P1 for my plasmid preparation to obtain RNase-free DNA for in-vitro transcription?
No, RNase A should not be omitted from buffer P1. It is required to prevent RNA contamination of the purified plasmid DNA. RNase A will not interfere with downstream in-vitro transcription experiments, since it will be efficiently removed during the plasmid purification procedures using QIAGEN Plasmid Kits.
FAQ ID -366
I left Buffer P1 at room temperature after addition of RNase A, what shall I do?

Buffer P1 with RNase A used in QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Kits should be fine at room temperature for a few days. We would expect the enzyme to have some residual activity. However, optimal results cannot be guaranteed after storage at room temperature. If you notice that RNase A activity is substantially reduced, you can add fresh RNase A to your buffer.

We recommend that Buffer P1 with RNase A be stored in the refrigerator (2–8°C). RNase A will be stable for 6 months under this condition.

FAQ ID -859
What is the recommended culture medium for the QIAprep System?
Luria-Bertani (LB) broth is the recommended culture medium for use with QIAprep Kits, since richer broths such as TB (Terrific Broth) or 2x YT lead to extremely high cell densities, which can overload the purification system. Please review the section 'Culture Media' of Appendix A in the QIAprep Miniprep Handbook or visit our Plasmid Resource Center for additional information on optimal plasmid culturing and extraction conditions for all QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Kits.
FAQ ID -154
What is the composition of Buffer P2?

The composition of Buffer P2 is:

  • 200 mM NaOH
  • 1% SDS (w/v)

It should be stored at room temperature. Buffer P2 is the lysis buffer used in a variety of QIAGEN kits for plasmid DNA purification. Details on buffer preparation and storage are presented in Appendix B of the QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Handbook.

FAQ ID -203
Can I use QIAprep Miniprep kits for low-copy plasmids and cosmids?

All QIAprep Miniprep Kits can be used for preparation of low-copy number plasmids and cosmids up to 50 kb. Below are recommendations for processing low-copy constructs using QIAprep technology:

  • Use up to 10 ml overnight E. coli cultures grown in LB medium
  • Be sure to include the optional Buffer PB wash step for all bacterial strains
  • When plasmids or cosmids are larger than 10 kb, pre-heat Buffer EB (or water) to 70°C prior to eluting DNA from the QIAprep membrane
  • When using 10 ml culture volume, it is recommended to double the volumes of Buffers P1, P2, and N3

See also QIAGEN News 1998, Issue 5 for an article entitled 'Isolation of a low-copy plasmid from agrobacterium using QIAprep technology'. Alternatively, the R.E.A.L. Prep 96 Plasmid Kit can be used for high-throughput purification of larger plasmids (e.g., BACs, PACs, and P1s). See QIAGEN News 1999, Issue 2 for an article entitled 'High-throughput purification of BACs with the new R.E.A.L. Prep 96 protocol'.

FAQ ID -127
How do I perform a DNA precipitation to concentrate my sample?
  • Add 1/10 volume of 3 M Na-Acetate pH 5.2, and 2 to 2.5 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol to the DNA sample
  • Mix, and store at –20°C for at least 1 h to precipitate the DNA
  • Recover the precipitated DNA by centrifugation at full speed in a microcentrifuge for 15–20 min
  • Pour off the ethanol and wash the pellet twice with room-temperature 70% ethanol
  • Allow the DNA pellet to air-dry
  • resuspend the DNA in a suitable volume of sterile TE buffer or distilled water
FAQ ID -305
With LyseBlue reagent for lysis control, can I now process more bacterial culture and overload the columns?

No. The maximum culture volumes recommended for QIAGEN's plasmid preparation kits still apply, and should be strictly followed. LyseBlue reagent now allows the user to monitor potential problems (insufficient bacterial cell resuspension and lysis as a consequence of overloading) early in the plasmid preparation process.

FAQ ID -864
What is the recipe for 2x YT?
2x YT medium, per liter 16 g tryptone 10 g yeast extract 5 g NaCl Media Preparation and Bacteriological Tools. Edited by: Fred M. Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert E. Kingston, David D. Moore, J.G. Seidman, John A. Smith, Kevin Struhl Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1994), Section 1.1.3.
FAQ ID -213
What are the additional plasmid bands I see on my gel?

Open circular plasmid, resulting from single strand nicks, usually migrates slower in agarose gels and forms (faint) bands above the supercoiled plasmid DNA band. Sometimes an additional band of denatured supercoiled DNA migrates just below the supercoiled form. This form may result from prolonged alkaline lysis with Buffer P2 and is resistant to restriction digestion.

For a detailed description on how to run and interpret an analytical gel, please see Appendix A in the QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Handbook: "Agarose Gel Analysis of the Purification Procedure", or visit this link.

FAQ ID -1059
What is the expected level of endotoxins in plasmid DNA purified with QIAprep spin miniprep kit?

QIAprep spin miniprep kit is based on silica extraction chemistry. Average endotoxin levels that we have observed for Silica gel slurry is around 1200 EU/µg DNA.

FAQ ID -3081
Do you have a protocol for the isolation of plasmid DNA from Bacillus subtilis?
Is it possible to elute plasmid DNA from the QIAprep Spin Miniprep columns with buffer containing Potassium Phosphate?

Unfortunately, we do not have any compatibility data for using potassium phosphate-based buffers instead of TE or water for the elution of plasmid DNA from the spin columns of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit.

However, below is a reference where cDNA was eluted from QIAquick PCR Purification Kit columns with potassium phosphate buffer (4 mM, pH 8.5), after replacing the wash buffer (PE) with 5 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8.5) containing 80% ethanol:

Wang HY, Malek RL, Kwitek AE, Greene AS, Luu TV, Behbahani B, Frank B, Quackenbush J, Lee NH. "Assessing unmodified 70-mer oligonucleotide probe performance on glass-slide microarrays." Genome Biol. 2003, 4(1): R5. Epub 2003 Jan 6.

FAQ ID -854
What is the composition of Buffer PB?
Buffer PB contains a high concentration of guanidine hydrochloride and isopropanol. The exact composition of Buffer PB is confidential. However, this buffer can be purchased separately: Buffer PB.
FAQ ID -2791
Do you have a protocol for obtaining > 20 µg plasmid DNA using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit?
Why is my plasmid DNA yield low?

Low yields of plasmid DNA can be caused by a number of different factors. The most common causes for low yield are poor culturing conditions and plasmid propagation, excessive amounts of starting material resulting in insufficient bacterial cell lysis and column overloading. When working with the anion-exchange based QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Kits, extra care is required during the isopropanol precipitation step, as the glassy DNA pellet may be difficult to see, and tends to be only loosely attached to the side of the tube.

We strongly recommend to review the information provided on our Plasmid Resource Page in the section 'Optimal results with QIAGEN plasmid kits', as it provides useful background information on growing bacterial cultures and general considerations for optimal results. It is also necessary to follow the instructions in the relevant protocols precisely to ensure the best plasmid yield and quality.

To determine at what stage of the procedure any problem occurred, save fractions from different steps of the purification procedure, and analyze by agarose gel electrophoresis. For a detailed description on how to run and interpret an analytical gel, please see Appendix A in the QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Handbook: "Agarose Gel Analysis of the Purification Procedure", or visit the QIAGEN Plasmid Resource Center.

 

 

FAQ ID -768
Why do I get genomic DNA contamination in my plasmid prep?

Too vigorous mixing of the bacterial lysate causes genomic DNA to appear in the eluate. The lysate must be handled gently after addition of buffers P2 and P3 to prevent shearing of chromosomal DNA. The culture volume needs to be reduced if the lysate is too viscous for gentle mixing.

Use of LyseBlue Reagent enables visualization of efficient bacterial cell resuspension as a prerequisite for complete lysis, thereby helping to avoid overloading of the columns and additional difficulties related to highly viscous lysates.

Additional information for successful plasmid preparations using QIAGEN's broad selection of Plasmid Kits can be found at our Plasmid Resource Center.

FAQ ID -353
Where can I find a protocol for cleanup of already purified plasmid DNA?

When using the silica-based QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit, a protocol is contained in the QIAprep Miniprep Handbook, in Appendix C: Special Applications. The protocol is called: 'Purification of plasmid DNA prepared by other methods'.

For our anion-exchange based Plasmid Purification Kits, a protocol can be accessed online at our Plasmid Resource Center, and is called 'Re-Purification of Plasmid DNA Prepared by Methods other than QIAGEN Tips'.

 

FAQ ID -1031
Do you have a protocol for the isolation of plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium?
FAQ ID -898
Can the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit be used for isolating plasmid DNA from mammalian cells?

Yes, it is possible to isolate plasmid DNA from mammalian cells using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit . The article in QIAGEN News 1995 No. 2, page 11, Isolation of plasmid DNA from mammalian cells using QIAprep kit, describes a procedure that requires only 30 minutes compared to the time-consuming and labor-intensive Hirt method. 

 

FAQ ID -795
I am seeing a precipitate after adding LyseBlue reagent to Buffer P1. What should I do about that?

A precipitate forming upon adding LyseBlue reagent to Buffer P1 is a normal observation. This precipitate will completely dissolve after addition of Buffer P2. Please be sure to shake Buffer P1 vigorously before use to completely resuspend LyseBlue particles.

FAQ ID -1045
What to do if cell clumps are present after Buffer P2 addition when using LyseBlue Reagent?

If cell clumps are present after adding Buffer P2 to your samples when using a QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Kit in combination with LyseBlue Reagent, you have two options:

  • pipet the cell clumps up and down for resuspension
  • transfer any clumps to a separate tube, add Buffer P1 and mix vigorously for resuspension, add Buffer P2 for lysis, and subsequently transfer the lysed material back to combine it with the rest of the original solution

Note: Avoid incubation times longer than 5 minutes in Buffer P2 as this will irreversibly denature plasmid DNA. In the scenario above, Buffer P3 may need to be added to portions of the sample, which can be subsequently combined once resuspension, lysis and neutralization of all fractions is complete.

FAQ ID -861
What is the RNase A concentration and composition of Buffer P1?

The composition of Buffer P1 is:

  • 50 mM Tris·Cl, pH 8.0
  • 10 mM EDTA
  • 100 µg/ml RNase A

After RNase A addition, the buffer should be stored at 2–8°C.

Buffer P1 is the resuspension buffer used in a variety of QIAGEN kits for plasmid DNA purification. Details on buffer preparation and storage are presented in Appendix B of the QIAGEN Plasmid Purification Handbook.

FAQ ID -198
Can Buffers N3 and P3 be used interchangeably?
No. Although both Buffers N3 of the QIAprep Spin Miniprep and P3 of the QIAGEN Plasmid Kits perform the neutralization step in an alkaline lysis procedure, they are completely different. Buffer N3 contains a proprietary formula that sets up binding conditions for the QIAprep Miniprep column's silica-gel-membrane. Buffer P3 sets up binding conditions for QIAGEN anion-exchange columns. Our website explains QIAGEN's nucleic acid purification technologies in more detail.
FAQ ID -310
What is the recipe for SOC medium?

The components of the SOC medium are:

  • 0.5% Yeast Extract
  • 2% Tryptone
  • 10 mM NaCl
  • 2.5 mM KCl
  • 10 mM MgCl2
  • 10 mM MgSO4
  • 20 mM Glucose*

*Note: add Glucose after autoclaving the solution with the remaining ingredients, and letting it cool down. Sterilize the final solution by passing it through a 0.2 µm filter.

SOC medium can be stored at room temperature and is stable for several years.

FAQ ID -798
What is the white insoluble precipitate in my resuspended plasmid DNA pellet?

White insoluble material in the resuspended plasmid DNA pellet indicates carry-over of salts and/or carbohydrates. Ensure that isopropanol is used at room temperature for precipitation. Some bacterial strains, such as TG1 and JM100, naturally produce a high level of carbohydrates. However, carbohydrate contamination may also be observed when using other strains. The most common cause of this problem is over-growth of bacterial cultures. To avoid this, closely follow the guidelines for Plasmid DNA Preparation in the Handbook that was provided with the respective QIAGEN Plasmid Kit.

Useful hints and information on optimizing plasmid preparations can be found at the QIAGEN Plasmid Resource Center.

FAQ ID -352
What is the composition of Buffer EB?

The composition of Buffer EB is:

  • 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5

Buffer EB is the elution buffer used in the QIAquick PCR, Gel Extraction, Nucleotide Removal Kits, and MinElute Kits for DNA cleanup, and the QIAprep Miniprep Kits for small-scale plasmid purification. The purified DNA can also be eluted in TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), but the EDTA may inhibit subsequent enzymatic reactions.

FAQ ID -199
Why would clumps occur following the addition of Buffer P2 when using LyseBlue Reagent in a plasmid preparation?

Clumps that occur after addition of Buffer P2 in a bacterial lysate containing LyseBlue reagent indicate poor resuspension of the bacterial cell pellet in Buffer P1. This handling error leads to inefficient cell lysis, and incomplete precipitation of SDS, cell debris, and genomic DNA. When resuspending the cell pellet, vortexing longer or resuspending the pellet by pipetting up and down can help.

If cells have been resuspended properly in P1, “brownish areas” after P2 addition just indicate poor mixing of P1 and P2. To overcome this, continue mixing the solution by inverting it gently until a homogeneous blue suspension is achieved.

FAQ ID -862